Systems with microprocessors utilizing speculative execution and branch prediction may allow unauthorized disclosure of information to an attacker with local user access via a side-channel analysis.

An unprivileged context can trigger a data memory-dependent prefetch engine to fetch the contents of a privileged location and consume those contents as an address that is also dereferenced.

Use of Hardware Page Aggregation (HPA) and Stage-1 and/or Stage-2 translation on Cortex-A77, Cortex-A78, Cortex-A78C, Cortex-A78AE, Cortex-A710, Cortex-X1, Cortex-X1C, Cortex-X2, Cortex-X3, Cortex-X4, Cortex-X925, Neoverse V1, Neoverse V2, Neoverse V3, Neoverse V3AE, Neoverse N2 may permit bypass of Stage-2 translation and/or GPT protection.