In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

ax25: Fix netdev refcount issue

The dev_tracker is added to ax25_cb in ax25_bind(). When the
ax25 device is detaching, the dev_tracker of ax25_cb should be
deallocated in ax25_kill_by_device() instead of the dev_tracker
of ax25_dev. The log reported by ref_tracker is shown below:

[ 80.884935] ref_tracker: reference already released.
[ 80.885150] ref_tracker: allocated in:
[ 80.885349] ax25_dev_device_up+0x105/0x540
[ 80.885730] ax25_device_event+0xa4/0x420
[ 80.885730] notifier_call_chain+0xc9/0x1e0
[ 80.885730] __dev_notify_flags+0x138/0x280
[ 80.885730] dev_change_flags+0xd7/0x180
[ 80.885730] dev_ifsioc+0x6a9/0xa30
[ 80.885730] dev_ioctl+0x4d8/0xd90
[ 80.885730] sock_do_ioctl+0x1c2/0x2d0
[ 80.885730] sock_ioctl+0x38b/0x4f0
[ 80.885730] __se_sys_ioctl+0xad/0xf0
[ 80.885730] do_syscall_64+0xc4/0x1b0
[ 80.885730] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x67/0x6f
[ 80.885730] ref_tracker: freed in:
[ 80.885730] ax25_device_event+0x272/0x420
[ 80.885730] notifier_call_chain+0xc9/0x1e0
[ 80.885730] dev_close_many+0x272/0x370
[ 80.885730] unregister_netdevice_many_notify+0x3b5/0x1180
[ 80.885730] unregister_netdev+0xcf/0x120
[ 80.885730] sixpack_close+0x11f/0x1b0
[ 80.885730] tty_ldisc_kill+0xcb/0x190
[ 80.885730] tty_ldisc_hangup+0x338/0x3d0
[ 80.885730] __tty_hangup+0x504/0x740
[ 80.885730] tty_release+0x46e/0xd80
[ 80.885730] __fput+0x37f/0x770
[ 80.885730] __x64_sys_close+0x7b/0xb0
[ 80.885730] do_syscall_64+0xc4/0x1b0
[ 80.885730] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x67/0x6f
[ 80.893739] ——————[ cut here ]——————
[ 80.894030] WARNING: CPU: 2 PID: 140 at lib/ref_tracker.c:255 ref_tracker_free+0x47b/0x6b0
[ 80.894297] Modules linked in:
[ 80.894929] CPU: 2 PID: 140 Comm: ax25_conn_rel_6 Not tainted 6.9.0-rc4-g8cd26fd90c1a #11
[ 80.895190] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.14.0-0-g155821a1990b-prebuilt.qem4
[ 80.895514] RIP: 0010:ref_tracker_free+0x47b/0x6b0
[ 80.895808] Code: 83 c5 18 4c 89 eb 48 c1 eb 03 8a 04 13 84 c0 0f 85 df 01 00 00 41 83 7d 00 00 75 4b 4c 89 ff 9
[ 80.896171] RSP: 0018:ffff888009edf8c0 EFLAGS: 00000286
[ 80.896339] RAX: 1ffff1100141ac00 RBX: 1ffff1100149463b RCX: dffffc0000000000
[ 80.896502] RDX: 0000000000000001 RSI: 0000000000000246 RDI: ffff88800a0d6518
[ 80.896925] RBP: ffff888009edf9b0 R08: ffff88806d3288d3 R09: 1ffff1100da6511a
[ 80.897212] R10: dffffc0000000000 R11: ffffed100da6511b R12: ffff88800a4a31d4
[ 80.897859] R13: ffff88800a4a31d8 R14: dffffc0000000000 R15: ffff88800a0d6518
[ 80.898279] FS: 00007fd88b7fe700(0000) GS:ffff88806d300000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
[ 80.899436] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
[ 80.900181] CR2: 00007fd88c001d48 CR3: 000000000993e000 CR4: 00000000000006f0
…
[ 80.935774] ref_tracker: sp%d@000000000bb9df3d has 1/1 users at
[ 80.935774] ax25_bind+0x424/0x4e0
[ 80.935774] __sys_bind+0x1d9/0x270
[ 80.935774] __x64_sys_bind+0x75/0x80
[ 80.935774] do_syscall_64+0xc4/0x1b0
[ 80.935774] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x67/0x6f

Change ax25_dev->dev_tracker to the dev_tracker of ax25_cb
in order to mitigate the bug.